In developed and developing countries alike, fierce competition among water users is rising as people demand more and more from limited water resources. Tensions are particularly severe in places that face population pressures, rapid urbanization, and urgent development needs.
A number of developed, water-short countries—including Belgium, the United Kingdom, Poland, and Singapore—have faced tensions over water. The western United States has witnessed tension between (a) farmers with irrigation needs, and (b) urban areas with municipal demands. San Diego, California is a classic case, but the city negotiated a landmark deal with vegetable growers in the Imperial Valley. The farmers now conserve water and sell the surplus to the city (Purdum, 1997).
China is already practising what many water experts call the “zero-sum game” of water management. The zero sum game—when authorities increase water supply to one user by taking it away from another—involves both competing areas and competing types of use, as when cities compete with farmers or when human needs compete with those of ecosystems. China's freshwater supplies have been estimated to be capable of supporting 650 million people sustainably—only half of the country's current population of 1.2 billion (Qu Geping, personal communication, 1993). Across northern and central China some 300 major cities, including Beijing, face critical shortages. There is simply not enough water to meet the competing needs of the country's cities, industries, and agriculture. China has depleted underground aquifers and dammed, diverted, and drained surface waters. The water table under China's capital has dropped by roughly two meters a year for the last decade. One-third of the wells dried up because the pipes no longer reach the shrinking aquifer (Brown & Halweil, 1998). As the influx of China's rural farm workers seeking urban jobs grows ever larger, Beijing's water shortages are expected to worsen. The government is planning a huge aqueduct that will ferry water from the Danjiangkou Reservoir in Henan Province to Beijing, across 1,300 kilometers of heavily farmed agricultural land—land that also needs the water for food production.
China's Yellow River is a classic case of the zero-sum game in operation. The river is so over-subscribed that, for an average of 70 days a year for the past decade, its waters have dried up before reaching the Bohai Sea. In 1995, this dry period lasted for 122 days. In May 1996, one of the few years when farming villages near the river's mouth could take water to feed their crops, the government told them not to touch a drop. Instead, all of the water went to a state-owned oil field further downstream, bypassing hundreds of parched farms and factories along a 400- kilometer stretch of the river (Tyler, 1996).
Monday, October 8, 2007
Water problems within countries.
Regions and states of many large countries (such as India, China, and the United States) could also join the water-stressed category. Already, 19 major Indian cities face chronic water shortages, and India as a whole is expected to enter the water-stressed category by 2030 (Gardner-Outlaw & Engelman, 1997).
China, which has 22 percent of the world's population but only seven percent of all freshwater runoff, will be just above the 1,700 cubic meters per capita line that designates “waterstress.”
China, which has 22 percent of the world's population but only seven percent of all freshwater runoff, will be just above the 1,700 cubic meters per capita line that designates “waterstress.”
The Era of Water Shortages
Hydrologists consider a country to be under water stress when its annual water supplies drop to between 1,000 and 1,700 cubic meters per person. In turn, countries face water scarcity when their annual water supplies drop below 1,000 cubic meters per person. Once a country enters the water-scarce category, it faces severe constraints on food production, economic development, and protection of natural ecosystems.
More and more countries are facing water stress and scarcity as their populations grow, urbanization accelerates, and water consumption increases. Thirty-one countries (with a combined population of close to half a billion) faced water stress or scarcity as of 1995. The number of people estimated to live in water-short countries increased by nearly 125 million between 1990 and 1995.
By 2025, 50 countries and more than 3.3 billion people will face water stress or scarcity. By 2050, the number of countries afflicted with water stress or scarcity will rise to 54, and their populations to 4 billion people—40 percent of the projected global population of 9.4 billion. The majority of these countries—40 of them—are in the Near East, North Africa, and sub-Saharan Africa (Gardner-Outlaw & Engelman, 1997; UNFPA, 1997).
More and more countries are facing water stress and scarcity as their populations grow, urbanization accelerates, and water consumption increases. Thirty-one countries (with a combined population of close to half a billion) faced water stress or scarcity as of 1995. The number of people estimated to live in water-short countries increased by nearly 125 million between 1990 and 1995.
By 2025, 50 countries and more than 3.3 billion people will face water stress or scarcity. By 2050, the number of countries afflicted with water stress or scarcity will rise to 54, and their populations to 4 billion people—40 percent of the projected global population of 9.4 billion. The majority of these countries—40 of them—are in the Near East, North Africa, and sub-Saharan Africa (Gardner-Outlaw & Engelman, 1997; UNFPA, 1997).
A Future of Scarcity
Years of rapid population growth and increasing per capita consumption have squeezed the world’s freshwater resources. As global population has grown to nearly 6.1 billion today (and continues to grow by about 78 million people each year), the demand for fresh water in some areas exceeds nature's capacity to provide it. A growing number of countries are expected to face water shortages in the near future—shortages that will be fueled by problems both on the demand side (notably rapid population growth) and on the supply side (mainly inadequate water supplies and poor policies).
Declining Water Availability Per Capita
There is no more water on earth now than there was 2,000 years ago, when the population was less than 3 percent of its current size. Fresh water's per capita availability, which has been falling for centuries, has been dropping more precipitously in recent years as the globe's population growth has exploded. Unsurprisingly, the availability of fresh water has also fallen, from 17,000 cubic meters per person in 1950 to 7,044 cubic meters in 2000 (World Resources, 2000). The supply of fresh water per capita is one third lower now than it was as recently as 1970, a direct result of the nearly 2 billion people added to the planet since.
While population growth rates are slowing in most developing countries, absolute numbers of people added each year remain near historic highs. As a result of projected population growth, global per capita availability of fresh water is likely to be no more than 5,100 cubic meters in the year 2025 (Gardner-Outlaw & Engelman, 1997).
China and India, the world's first and second most populous countries, respectively, provide examples of how even modest population growth rates can translate into large absolute numbers because of an already-enormous population base. China's population growth rate in 2000 was only 0.9 percent—but, with China's total population at over 1.2 billion, even this small growth rate translates into an additional 12 million people each year. Similarly, India's population growth rate of about 1.8 percent means that about 18 million people a year will be added to its current population of one billion. The world's annual population growth of 78 million a year (as of 2000) implies an increased demand for fresh water on the order of 64 billion cubic meters a year—an amount equivalent to the entire annual flow rate of the Rhine River, assuming countries continue to withdraw water at current rates (Clarke, 1991). And, as noted above, rapid population growth not only makes it increasingly difficult to provide adequate supplies of fresh water; it can also strain resources for proper sanitation, housing, health care, education, employment, and food supplies.
Declining Water Availability Per Capita
There is no more water on earth now than there was 2,000 years ago, when the population was less than 3 percent of its current size. Fresh water's per capita availability, which has been falling for centuries, has been dropping more precipitously in recent years as the globe's population growth has exploded. Unsurprisingly, the availability of fresh water has also fallen, from 17,000 cubic meters per person in 1950 to 7,044 cubic meters in 2000 (World Resources, 2000). The supply of fresh water per capita is one third lower now than it was as recently as 1970, a direct result of the nearly 2 billion people added to the planet since.
While population growth rates are slowing in most developing countries, absolute numbers of people added each year remain near historic highs. As a result of projected population growth, global per capita availability of fresh water is likely to be no more than 5,100 cubic meters in the year 2025 (Gardner-Outlaw & Engelman, 1997).
China and India, the world's first and second most populous countries, respectively, provide examples of how even modest population growth rates can translate into large absolute numbers because of an already-enormous population base. China's population growth rate in 2000 was only 0.9 percent—but, with China's total population at over 1.2 billion, even this small growth rate translates into an additional 12 million people each year. Similarly, India's population growth rate of about 1.8 percent means that about 18 million people a year will be added to its current population of one billion. The world's annual population growth of 78 million a year (as of 2000) implies an increased demand for fresh water on the order of 64 billion cubic meters a year—an amount equivalent to the entire annual flow rate of the Rhine River, assuming countries continue to withdraw water at current rates (Clarke, 1991). And, as noted above, rapid population growth not only makes it increasingly difficult to provide adequate supplies of fresh water; it can also strain resources for proper sanitation, housing, health care, education, employment, and food supplies.
Freshwater Availability and Us
While 70 percent of the earth’s surface is water, only three percent of it is fresh water—and almost all of that three percent is inaccessible for human use (Lean & Hinrichsen, 1994; Lefort, 1996). About three-quarters of all fresh water on earth is locked away in the form of ice caps and glaciers located in polar areas far from most human habitation. In all, only about 0.01 percent of the world’s total water supply is considered available for human use on a regular basis. If the world’s freshwater supply amounted to the contents of a bathtub, the amount easily accessible to humanity would fill a thimble.
Nevertheless, even this thimble full of water is, in theory, enough to sustain an estimated 20 billion people. But in reality, only a small amount of the freshwater supply is reliable enough to be considered accessible year after year. Globally, 505,000 cubic kilometers of renewable fresh water shifts from the sea to the land every year as rain or snow via the hydrological cycle; but only 47,000 cubic kilometers per year can be considered accessible for human use (Gleick, 2000).
Nevertheless, even this thimble full of water is, in theory, enough to sustain an estimated 20 billion people. But in reality, only a small amount of the freshwater supply is reliable enough to be considered accessible year after year. Globally, 505,000 cubic kilometers of renewable fresh water shifts from the sea to the land every year as rain or snow via the hydrological cycle; but only 47,000 cubic kilometers per year can be considered accessible for human use (Gleick, 2000).
Sunday, September 30, 2007
Population and Fresh Water
Population and water resources are closely connected. The availability of fresh water limits how many people an area can support, while population growth, urbanization, and migration all affect the availability and quality of water resources. Population growth increases demand for water for food production, household consumption, and industrial uses. At some point, however, this increased demand becomes overuse, leading to depletion and pollution of surface and groundwater supplies that can cause chronic water shortages.
Scarce and degraded water supplies also often cause critical health problems. Polluted water, water shortages, and unsanitary living conditions kill over 12 million people a year (WHO, 1997) and cause a great deal of illness such as cholera, hepatitis A, amoebic dysentery, schistosomiasis, and dengue and malaria fevers. And this increasing competition for limited water supplies also causes social and political tensions. River basins and other water bodies do not respect national borders: one country’s use of upstream water often removes that water from use by downstream countries. There remains a real risk across the globe of escalating tension and perhaps conflict over access to freshwater supplies. Slowing population growth, conserving water. In less than 30 years, 50 countries could face serious water shortages, affecting more than 3.3 billion people—40 percent of the projected global population (Gardner-Outlaw & Engleman, 1997). The world, especially water-scarce countries (those with less than 1,000 cubic meters per person per year) that are afflicted with rapid population growth, must slow the growth in demand for water by slowing population growth as soon as possible. Family-planning services will empower millions of couples to space and limit their births if they so desire.
At the same time, the world’s “water profligacy” must end as soon as possible.
Throughout the world, enormous amounts of water are wasted due to inappropriate agricultural subsidies, inefficient irrigation systems, imprudent pricing of municipal water, poor watershed management, pollution, and other practices. The world can no longer afford to waste its precious supplies of fresh water.
Scarce and degraded water supplies also often cause critical health problems. Polluted water, water shortages, and unsanitary living conditions kill over 12 million people a year (WHO, 1997) and cause a great deal of illness such as cholera, hepatitis A, amoebic dysentery, schistosomiasis, and dengue and malaria fevers. And this increasing competition for limited water supplies also causes social and political tensions. River basins and other water bodies do not respect national borders: one country’s use of upstream water often removes that water from use by downstream countries. There remains a real risk across the globe of escalating tension and perhaps conflict over access to freshwater supplies. Slowing population growth, conserving water. In less than 30 years, 50 countries could face serious water shortages, affecting more than 3.3 billion people—40 percent of the projected global population (Gardner-Outlaw & Engleman, 1997). The world, especially water-scarce countries (those with less than 1,000 cubic meters per person per year) that are afflicted with rapid population growth, must slow the growth in demand for water by slowing population growth as soon as possible. Family-planning services will empower millions of couples to space and limit their births if they so desire.
At the same time, the world’s “water profligacy” must end as soon as possible.
Throughout the world, enormous amounts of water are wasted due to inappropriate agricultural subsidies, inefficient irrigation systems, imprudent pricing of municipal water, poor watershed management, pollution, and other practices. The world can no longer afford to waste its precious supplies of fresh water.
Fresh Water Is A Critical Resource Issue
Fresh water is emerging as the most critical resource issue facing humanity. While the supply of fresh water is limited, both the world’s population and demand for the resource continues to expand rapidly. As Janet Abramovitz has written: “Today, we withdraw water far faster than it can be recharged—unsustainably mining what was once a renewable resource” (Abramovitz, 1996). Abramovitz estimates that the amount of fresh water withdrawn for human uses has risen nearly 40-fold in the past 300 years, with over half of the increase coming since 1950 (Abramovitz, 1996).
The world’s rapid population growth over the last century has been a major factor in increasing global water usage. But demand for water is also rising because of urbanization, economic development, and improved living standards. Between 1900 and 1995, for example, global water withdrawals increased by over six times—more than double the rate of population growth (Gleick, 1998). In developing countries, water withdrawals are rising more rapidly—by four percent to eight percent a year for the past decade—also because of rapid population growth and increasing demand per capita (Marcoux, 1994).
Moreover, increasing pollution is shrinking the supply of fresh water even further. In many countries, lakes and rivers are used as receptacles for an assortment of wastes—including untreated or partially treated municipal sewage, industrial poisons, and harmful chemicals that leach into surface and ground water during agricultural activities.
Caught between (a) finite and increasingly polluted water supplies, and (b) rapidly rising demand from population growth and development, many developing countries face difficult and uneasy choices. As the World Bank has warned, lack of water is likely to be the major factor limiting economic development in the decades to come (Serageldin, 1995).
The world’s rapid population growth over the last century has been a major factor in increasing global water usage. But demand for water is also rising because of urbanization, economic development, and improved living standards. Between 1900 and 1995, for example, global water withdrawals increased by over six times—more than double the rate of population growth (Gleick, 1998). In developing countries, water withdrawals are rising more rapidly—by four percent to eight percent a year for the past decade—also because of rapid population growth and increasing demand per capita (Marcoux, 1994).
Moreover, increasing pollution is shrinking the supply of fresh water even further. In many countries, lakes and rivers are used as receptacles for an assortment of wastes—including untreated or partially treated municipal sewage, industrial poisons, and harmful chemicals that leach into surface and ground water during agricultural activities.
Caught between (a) finite and increasingly polluted water supplies, and (b) rapidly rising demand from population growth and development, many developing countries face difficult and uneasy choices. As the World Bank has warned, lack of water is likely to be the major factor limiting economic development in the decades to come (Serageldin, 1995).
Saturday, September 29, 2007
Special Edition for 1.1.4
Going Public by Means of a Reverse Takeover
In 2007 July, it was disclosed that it was going to seek IPO, Initial Public Offering. This special edition newsletter is to announce a better alternative than going IPO.
Given the right set of circumstances, completing a business combination with and into a U.S. public shell (“RTO”) can be a quicker and more cost effective way to take the company to public than an initial public offering (“IPO”).
One of the most important components of the RTO transaction is the public shell into which the operating company will merge. A public shell is a company that has registered securities with and is itself reporting to the SEC, but is not an operating company. Public shells are typically listed on the Over-the-Counter Bulletin Board (“OTCBB”) or, more commonly, on the Pink Sheets.
Ideally, the public shell will be free from liabilities, either because the shell company's prior liabilities have been “scrubbed” clean by bankruptcy proceedings or because the shell company has been dormant for at least the past six years. If the shell company has not been scrubbed by bankruptcy proceedings, thorough due diligence is required to ensure that all potential liabilities of the shell, actual and contingent, have been identified and quantified.
Once a clean public shell has been found, the method for business combination must be chosen. While there are several ways to combine the operating company with the public shell, a reverse triangular merger is the most advantageous in most cases. As a result of the reverse triangular merger, the stockholders of the operating company will typically hold about 90-95% of the issued and outstanding stock of the public shell, and the public shell will hold 100% of the issued and outstanding stock of the operating company. Within 15 days after the closing of the RTO transaction, the postmerger company must file a Form 8-K with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) (this period will be shortened to 4 days after August 23, 2004). Within 75 days after the closing of the RTO transaction, at least two years of the operating company’s audited financials must and its pro forma financials must be filed with the SEC.
Since the RTO transaction itself may not be capital raising event, most companies plan a capital -raising transaction, often structured as a PIPE (“Private Investment in Public Equity”) transaction to occur simultaneously with the closing of the RTO transaction.
Alternatively, some companies choose to complete a public offering by registering additional securities with the SEC shortly after the completion of the RTO transaction.
As RTO would allow the company to use the publicly listed company as the equity issuer for the project, many institutional investors who are only allowed to invest in listed companies could now invest in the company through Private Placement of shares. This way, the company can raise more funds from the market without long scrutinizing process of IPO.
Advantages of an RTO vs. and IPO:
Compared to the IPO method of going public, an RTO can be:
Quicker (1-3 months to complete an RTO vs. up to 6 months for an IPO)
Can be considerably less expensive (often US$1 million or more for an IPO, and perhaps as low as US$350,000 to US$500,000 for an RTO)
No “IPO window” - market considerations - company can go public regardless of the state of the current market for IPOs
* Less of management's time is diverted from running the business
* Less dilution of management control
* Less intrusion from underwriters trying to reposition the company before taking it public
Disadvantages of an RTO vs. an IPO:
Compared to the IPO parties pursuing an RTO are likely to experience:
Low liquidity, low visibility. It may take 1-2 years to develop support for the post-merger company's stock, if secondary market support develops at all. The company bears the burden of SEC compliance during that period without fully enjoying the benefits of being a public company.
This should be taken into account when considering the costs of an RTO vs. an IPO.
The RTO transaction itself may not be a capital-raising event, and the financing that typically accompanies an RTO generally raises far less capital than an IPO.
At least initially, the stock typically trades on a low exposure exchange, such as the Pink Sheets
Summary:
RTO's may be appropriate for some companies that do not need to raise capital quickly and that expect to experience enough growth to reach a size and scale at which they can succeed as public entities.
The ideal RTO candidate should also have a solid financing strategy and analyst or investment bank “friends” or sponsors in the U.S. to assist with the initial capital raising event and, if possible, to provide analyst coverage.
The aim of this exercise is to raise enough funds, not unnecessary amount of funds, to set-up the factory as soon as possible so that the company can provide the products to the customer faster. However, at the same time, the company is careful in the quality of growth and who it is associated with, in addition to cut the cost and time of going public. For all these considerations, the company has chosen the path of RTO over IPO to bring the company to the next stage. The company also has the capable advisors connecting it to investment bankers and analysts in the market.
In 2007 July, it was disclosed that it was going to seek IPO, Initial Public Offering. This special edition newsletter is to announce a better alternative than going IPO.
Given the right set of circumstances, completing a business combination with and into a U.S. public shell (“RTO”) can be a quicker and more cost effective way to take the company to public than an initial public offering (“IPO”).
One of the most important components of the RTO transaction is the public shell into which the operating company will merge. A public shell is a company that has registered securities with and is itself reporting to the SEC, but is not an operating company. Public shells are typically listed on the Over-the-Counter Bulletin Board (“OTCBB”) or, more commonly, on the Pink Sheets.
Ideally, the public shell will be free from liabilities, either because the shell company's prior liabilities have been “scrubbed” clean by bankruptcy proceedings or because the shell company has been dormant for at least the past six years. If the shell company has not been scrubbed by bankruptcy proceedings, thorough due diligence is required to ensure that all potential liabilities of the shell, actual and contingent, have been identified and quantified.
Once a clean public shell has been found, the method for business combination must be chosen. While there are several ways to combine the operating company with the public shell, a reverse triangular merger is the most advantageous in most cases. As a result of the reverse triangular merger, the stockholders of the operating company will typically hold about 90-95% of the issued and outstanding stock of the public shell, and the public shell will hold 100% of the issued and outstanding stock of the operating company. Within 15 days after the closing of the RTO transaction, the postmerger company must file a Form 8-K with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) (this period will be shortened to 4 days after August 23, 2004). Within 75 days after the closing of the RTO transaction, at least two years of the operating company’s audited financials must and its pro forma financials must be filed with the SEC.
Since the RTO transaction itself may not be capital raising event, most companies plan a capital -raising transaction, often structured as a PIPE (“Private Investment in Public Equity”) transaction to occur simultaneously with the closing of the RTO transaction.
Alternatively, some companies choose to complete a public offering by registering additional securities with the SEC shortly after the completion of the RTO transaction.
As RTO would allow the company to use the publicly listed company as the equity issuer for the project, many institutional investors who are only allowed to invest in listed companies could now invest in the company through Private Placement of shares. This way, the company can raise more funds from the market without long scrutinizing process of IPO.
Advantages of an RTO vs. and IPO:
Compared to the IPO method of going public, an RTO can be:
Quicker (1-3 months to complete an RTO vs. up to 6 months for an IPO)
Can be considerably less expensive (often US$1 million or more for an IPO, and perhaps as low as US$350,000 to US$500,000 for an RTO)
No “IPO window” - market considerations - company can go public regardless of the state of the current market for IPOs
* Less of management's time is diverted from running the business
* Less dilution of management control
* Less intrusion from underwriters trying to reposition the company before taking it public
Disadvantages of an RTO vs. an IPO:
Compared to the IPO parties pursuing an RTO are likely to experience:
Low liquidity, low visibility. It may take 1-2 years to develop support for the post-merger company's stock, if secondary market support develops at all. The company bears the burden of SEC compliance during that period without fully enjoying the benefits of being a public company.
This should be taken into account when considering the costs of an RTO vs. an IPO.
The RTO transaction itself may not be a capital-raising event, and the financing that typically accompanies an RTO generally raises far less capital than an IPO.
At least initially, the stock typically trades on a low exposure exchange, such as the Pink Sheets
Summary:
RTO's may be appropriate for some companies that do not need to raise capital quickly and that expect to experience enough growth to reach a size and scale at which they can succeed as public entities.
The ideal RTO candidate should also have a solid financing strategy and analyst or investment bank “friends” or sponsors in the U.S. to assist with the initial capital raising event and, if possible, to provide analyst coverage.
The aim of this exercise is to raise enough funds, not unnecessary amount of funds, to set-up the factory as soon as possible so that the company can provide the products to the customer faster. However, at the same time, the company is careful in the quality of growth and who it is associated with, in addition to cut the cost and time of going public. For all these considerations, the company has chosen the path of RTO over IPO to bring the company to the next stage. The company also has the capable advisors connecting it to investment bankers and analysts in the market.
Objectives
1.1.1 Compliance to those lay down by the organizations.
1.1.2 Information point (ip) : ip will be various from 0 to 100, each point will be adjusted as according to the value of the perceived information value. The higher ip transmitted, the greater revenue for the system while lower ip will result in zero cost. Member registration (mr) : mr will record all member information. Account balancing (ab) : ab will track the transaction records and maintaining the record of balances. Security communication (sc) : sc safeguards the data confidentiality via the communication media. Security payment (sp) : sp ensures the correctness and completeness of the transaction via the communication media with sc.
1.1.3 Through implementation, planning, surveys, and maintenance to promote heart save environment in the community
1.1.4 Raise fund to increase the production efficiency and cost effectiveness of the green chemicals and filtrations systems on the land granted by the officials in Mainland China. The representative office has been moved from Mainland China to Hong Kong for a number of years.
1.1.5 Forums and Communications Channels to be initiated
1.1.2 Information point (ip) : ip will be various from 0 to 100, each point will be adjusted as according to the value of the perceived information value. The higher ip transmitted, the greater revenue for the system while lower ip will result in zero cost. Member registration (mr) : mr will record all member information. Account balancing (ab) : ab will track the transaction records and maintaining the record of balances. Security communication (sc) : sc safeguards the data confidentiality via the communication media. Security payment (sp) : sp ensures the correctness and completeness of the transaction via the communication media with sc.
1.1.3 Through implementation, planning, surveys, and maintenance to promote heart save environment in the community
1.1.4 Raise fund to increase the production efficiency and cost effectiveness of the green chemicals and filtrations systems on the land granted by the officials in Mainland China. The representative office has been moved from Mainland China to Hong Kong for a number of years.
1.1.5 Forums and Communications Channels to be initiated
Missions
1.1 The profits will go into various organizations as needed
1.2 Enhance System: information point system, member registration system, account balancing system, security communication system, security payment system
1.3 Increase AED programme market awareness and education of the essences to the public
1.4 Raise fund to increase the technology structure and establish the plant in Mainland China
1.5 。。。
1.2 Enhance System: information point system, member registration system, account balancing system, security communication system, security payment system
1.3 Increase AED programme market awareness and education of the essences to the public
1.4 Raise fund to increase the technology structure and establish the plant in Mainland China
1.5 。。。
Use of funds
1. One tenth will be contributed to charity organizations
2. Develop the system infrastructure for security communication and security payment gateway
3. Promotion and deployment of the AED programme in Hong Kong
4. Establishment of the water treatment project in Main China
5. 。。。
2. Develop the system infrastructure for security communication and security payment gateway
3. Promotion and deployment of the AED programme in Hong Kong
4. Establishment of the water treatment project in Main China
5. 。。。
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